Social networks as an advertising-based model The WritePass Journal

Social networks as an advertising-based model 1.0 Introduction. Social networks as an advertising-based model 1.0 Introduction.1.1 Background.2.0 Preliminary Literature Review.2.1 Word of Mouth (WOM).2.2 Online Social Networks.2.3 The Development of Online Social Networks 2.4 Marketing on Social Networks versus Word of Mouth.3.0 Aims and Objectives.4.0 Research methodology4.1 Research Design4.2 Implementation4.3 Data Collection5.0 Difficulties and Limitations6.0 Timescale7.0 Cost8.0 Outline Structure of the Proposed Research projectChapter 1:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IntroductionChapter 2:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Literature ReviewChapter 3:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MethodologyChapter 4:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   FindingsChapter 5:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ConclusionsReferencesRelated 1.0 Introduction. 1.1 Background. â€Å"Social networks, such as Facebook and MySpace have witnessed a rapid growth in their membership. Some of these businesses have tried an advertising-based model with very limited success. However, these businesses have not fully explored the power of their members to influence each other’s behaviour. This potential viral or social effect can have significant impact on the success of these companies as well as provide a unique new marketing opportunity for traditional companies†. (Iyengar et al 2009) This research is focused on the impact of online social networks versus word of mouth in product referencing. It is an attempt to investigate the impact of the rapid growth of online social networks on the consumer and to investigate the possibility of it becoming a useful alternative to traditional word of mouth.  Ã‚   According to Pedro Domingo (2005) traditionally, social network models have been descriptive, rather than predictive: they are developed at a very common level, normally with only a few global parameters, and are not practical for making concrete predictions of the future behaviour of the network. Until recent times, this was mainly due to lack of data: the networks available for tentative study were small and not many, and contained only nominal information about each node. Fortunately, the growth of the Internet has assisted its development. Substantial quantities of data are now available on very large social networks via blogs, social networking sites, knowledge -sharing sites, online gaming, newsgroups, chat rooms, etc. 2.0 Preliminary Literature Review. 2.1 Word of Mouth (WOM). Word of mouth (WOM) has been recognized over the years as a significant influence on how people think, feel and react. Writings on interpersonal persuasion has ancient origins. Aristotle produced what has been called ‘the most important single work in the history of speech in the fourth century BC (Thonssen and Beard, 1948, p. 63). The book Rhetoric (Aristotle, trans. Roberts, 1924) highlights the influential impact of three artistic proofs inhibited in a speaker these are: ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos, the ethical and personal appeals of a speaker, consists of how the speaker projects personal characteristics so as to induce belief on the part of the listener. Pathos entails the emotional features of the speaker. Logos or logical appeals in the form of examples and enthymemes were regarded by Aristotle as the basis of reasoned discourse. Some 23 centuries later there now exists an immense literature on interpersonal communication (Littlejohn, 1990). In a Marketing communication context, word of mouth (WOM) is a consumer-dominated channel, the sender is usually independent of the market. It is therefore perceived to be more reliable, credible, and trustworthy by consumers compared to firm-initiated communications (Schiffman Kanuk, 1995; Arndt, 1967). Traditional communications theory considers WOM as having a powerful influence on behaviour, especially on consumers’ information search, evaluation, and subsequent decision making (Cox 1963) It provides information relating to product performance and the social and psychological cost of the purchase decision (Cox, 1963).Research generally supports the claim that WOM is more influential on behaviour than other marketer-controlled sources. Indeed, it has been observed that WOM can be more influential than neutral print sources such as Which and Consumer Reports (Herr et al., 1991). 2.2 Online Social Networks. The term â€Å"Social network† can certainly not be described a new term, as individuals we are all involved in at least one form of social network and most of us especially the youth, are likely actively involved in several simultaneously, both â€Å"real† and online. The term social network can be defined as any web-based services that allow individuals to construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system. The nature and nomenclature of these connections may vary from site to site. (Boyd, et.al 2007). What makes social network sites unique is not that they allow individuals to meet strangers, but rather that they enable users to articulate and make visible their social networks. This can result in connections between individuals that would not otherwise be made, but that is often not the goal, and these meetings are frequently between â€Å"latent ties† who share some offline connection. (Haythornthwaite, 2005) 2.3 The Development of Online Social Networks The first recognizable social network site was launched in 1997 this was known as SixDegrees.com, this website provided its members with the opportunity to create profiles list their friends and by 1998 provided the option of surfing their friends list ultimately leading to the interactive nature of our social networks today. However before 1997 other website and internet tools had already implored some one or more of this features (Boyd, et.al 2007), profiles where already being used by dating sites, ICQ buddy lists; the pioneer of the current crop of Internet instant messenger clients supported the listing of Friends, however this list was not visible to others. Classmates.com, allowed its members to connect with their old school mates and surf the network for others who were also connected, but members could not develop profiles or list Friends. SixDegree.com became the first site to combine these three main features of social networks as we know them today. SixDegress.com was able to attract millions of users worldwide however its progress was halted and eventually shut down services in 2000. Reasons for its failure were attributed to its inability to become a sustainable business; the fact that its users did not have an extensive network of friends online and their non responsive nature to meeting strangers online also its users complained that the website offered little to do other than adding new friends, its founder believes that SixDegrees.com was simply ahead of its time (A. Weinreich, personal communication, July 11, 2007) cited from Boyd et al (2007). In 2001 Ryze.com was launched to assist its member by leveraging on each other’s business networks. The founder reports that he first introduced the site to his friends- primarily members of the San Francisco business and technology community, including the entrepreneurs and investors behind many future SNSs (Boyd, et.al 2007).To complement the features of their business website in 2002 the management of Ryze.com Launched   Friendster. It was created to compete with Match.com, a profitable online dating site (Cohen, 2003). Friendster gained footing amongst three groups of early adopters who ultimately defined the image of the site these where; bloggers, attendees of the Burning Man arts festival, and gay men. The website through these early adopters was able to grow to over 300,000 users through word of mouth before traditional press coverage began in May 2003 (O’Shea, 2003). As Friendster became more popular the site developed technical and social difficulties, this lead to a massive reduction in its users. However as its popularity faded in the United States and Europe its popularity increased in countries like the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia (Goldberg, 2007). Between 2003 and date several social network sites have been created the most influential of these is most likely Facebook. Facebook was started off in early 2004 as a Harvard-only SNS (Cassidy, 2006). To become a member, a user had to have a harvard.edu email address this trend continued when it spread to other institutions as users were required to login using their school email addresses this made Facebook appear as an intimate social networking site that still offered all the exposure (Boyd, et.al 2007). In more recent years, Twitter has also become a leader in social networking. 2.4 Marketing on Social Networks versus Word of Mouth. According to a report carried entitled, The European Social Media and Email Marketing Study on the Digital Dialogue between Facebook, Twitter and Email conducted by Volker Wiewer and Rolf Anweiler (2010), the usage of social networks is on a steady increase, in the UK out of 1045 respondents, 91% agreed to receiving at least one form of commercial communication through an online tool including email and newsletters. Facebook was the most popular amongst respondents and a further 94% acknowledged to either having an account or at least having knowledge of facebook and amongst these users the average number of friends was 77 users. However only 34% of the respondents agreed to engaging the typical forms of product or brand awareness on these social networks. These typical tools are however limited to; being a fan of/friend of a company/brand profile on a social network or a follower of a company/brand on twitter Word of mouth on the other hand has been shown to influence a variety of conditions: awareness, expectations, perceptions, attitudes, behavioural intentions and behaviour, (Buttle 1998). It has been described by scholars as one of the oldest and most powerful marketing tools however, it can also be negative. According to Arndt (1971), it can be said that negative word of mouth is more powerful than positive word of mouth.   White House Office of Consumer Affairs suggested that about ‘90%or more people who are disappointed with the service they receive will not patronize the service again. Furthermore, each of those unhappy clients will narrate his or her story to a minimum of 9 other people, and 13%of those unhappy former clients will tell their stories to more than 20 people’. It is not reported to how many these WOM recipients retell the story. (Buttle 1998) 3.0 Aims and Objectives. This study will attempt to obtain an understanding of marketing on online social networks. Evaluate the impact if any, of marketing on online social networks. Attempt to Identify the range of online social networks. It would explore the possibility of substituting traditional word of mouth with marketing on online social networks. Explore the levels of acceptance of online social networks versus word of mouth through product recommendation. Consider the implication of negative online social networks marketing versus word of mouth. 4.0 Research methodology The complexity of the topic area combined with the nature of the research to be undertaken makes it preferable and possibly necessary to employ qualitative research methods in the gathering and interpretation of the research evidence. According to Leedy and Ormrod (2005) qualitative research usually requires adequate planning and preparation, thus it is decisive in researches involving description, interpretation, verification and evaluation. This section will be divided into two parts namely research design and data collection. 4.1 Research Design According to research design is categorised in three forms which are the exploratory, descriptive and casual, Chisnall (2005) according to the specific nature of the research in question. Semi-structured interviews will be organised as it will serve as an effective means of collecting people’s views/perceptions on the research area as well as providing a means of observing their body language and expressions while giving feedback to the posed questions. A questionnaire will also be designed and distributed to gather some general information. Focus groups may also be engaged depending on the possibility of getting a number of quality respondents together at the same time. A qualitative analysis and interpretation of their perceptions and feedback will be carried out subsequently. This form of research design was chosen because, previous studies in this area have used qualitative research to arrive at analysis, thus utilising the same type of research methods provides the opportunity to agree with or challenge previous research confidently and logically. In addition, due to the nature of the topic being studied and the nature of information or evidence that is required, the interview seems to be most ideal for getting the needed information. This is by virtue of the fact that it helps to get a more detailed insight into people’s individual perceptions and opinions as opposed to the other methods of gathering information. The questionnaire will also be most useful in getting a more general opinion on the subject matter. 4.2 Implementation 100 Questionnaires with a maximum of 15-20 questions will be distributed amongst individuals at random. Due to the nature of the study respondents can be chosen at random as the quality of information required is not specific to a gender or speciality. Interviews will be conducted at random amongst users of online social networks to develop a detailed idea of how often products are marketed via their social network. If required a focus group will be created to gain information on a more specific aspect on this study. Additionally previous literature and published research relative to the area of the study will be reviewed 4.3 Data Collection Qualitative information on word of mouth and Online social network would be sourced through individual face to face in-depth interviews. This aims to achieve individual perceptions on the subject matter with comparisons made at the final stage. The in-depth interview is preferred since this is an exploratory research and it would give the respondent the opportunity to talk freely about situations and events which this research aims to cover. This approach will also provide me an opportunity to query answers whenever I need the respondent to further explain their responses (Saunders et al, 2007). This will however be done with extreme caution, in order to avoid making the respondent uncomfortable or unable to provide pragmatic answers To attain a complete perspective, both primary and secondary methods of data collection are being proposed to undertake this study. Chisnall (2005) defines primary data collection as the collation of any data or information that has been collected for the first time through any of the following means, experimentation, observation or questionnaires. The primary data for this research will be sourced from information gathered through questionnaire, interviews and if required focus groups. Questionnaires will be developed using both open ended and closed ended questions with respondents assured of the security of the information disclosed and the protection of their civil rights. To maintain a consistence in the information collected, the same questions used in the questionnaires will be administered during the interviews and if changes are made they will be properly documented. Secondary data on the other hand, is information that has already been gathered by previous scholars who have researched this topic or other relevant subject areas surrounding this topic. This information will be sourced from the public domains which are relevant to the course of research. According to Saunders et al (2009) the study of secondary data will consist of a comprehensive examination and critical review of academic literature to gain insight into areas set out within the aforementioned objectives, and also a review of key journals, academic books, financial research reports, press, databases and websites. The use of this research will give the researcher a better insight to previous research works, Saunders et al (2009). 5.0 Difficulties and Limitations The only foresee able difficulty or limitation is access. This is one of the major considerations, and prospectively one of the biggest hurdles that might be encountered with regards to the feasibility of this research study. The access refers to respondents and necessary information for conducting the research. Also due to the nature of the research, the quality of the information gather might be exaggerated as a band wagon effect is normal in topics related to this and amongst the core respondents which will mostly be youths as they are the largest users of online social networks. 6.0 Timescale Due to the nature of the academic calendar, adequate timing will be allocated to each process and the final report will be submitted in accordance with the university approved time for submission of dissertation for the acquisition of an Msc. Degree in Marketing. 7.0 Cost The nature of this research to be carried out is limited, the only item to be produced are questionnaires for distribution so costing will be very minimal. 8.0 Outline Structure of the Proposed Research project Chapter 1:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction The research topic will be introduced and the reasons, aims and objectives of the research will be clearly stated and identified. The background of the topic will be stated justifying the need to identify and possibly understand the influence of culture. The introduction will also clearly outline the research design. Chapter 2:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Literature Review At this stage of literature search, it is envisaged that previous work in these broad domains will form the foundations of the critical review of literature: Chapter 3:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Methodology Primary and Secondary research will be used to analyse the research topic and this will be based on interviews and questionnaires. This approaches have been adopted as they are the most tried and tested form of research method used by academic writers on this subject matter. Chapter 4:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Findings This chapter will be concerned with analysing and interpreting the information and data gathered for the research work with the aim of producing the findings of the research. Chapter 5:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusions The final section of the research project will do the three things normally expected in the formal conclusion of investigative study: summarise the key outcomes of research exercise; identify limitations inherent the planned research design and/or in what was actually achieved; Suggest further lines of enquiry that might be pursued in subsequent studies. References Alan R Andreasen. Journal of Public Policy Marketing. Chicago: Spring 2002. Vol. 21, Iss. 1; pg. 3, 11 pgs Arndt, J. (1967). Role of Product-Related Conversations in the Diffusion of a New Product. Journal of Marketing Research, 4, 291–95. Boyd, D. M. and Ellison, N. B. (2008), Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13:  210–230. doi:  10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x Buttle, Francis A. (1998) Word of mouth: understanding and managing referral marketing, Journal of Strategic Marketing, 6: 3, 241 - 254 Cassidy, J. (2006, May 15). Me media: How hanging out on the Internet became big business. The New Yorker, 82(13), 50. Chisnall, P. 2005, Marketing research, McGraw-Hill. Cox, D. F. (1963). The Audiences as Communicators. In S. A. Greyser (Ed.), Proceedings, American Marketing Association, December (pp. 58–72). Chicago: American Marketing Association Cohen, R. (2003, July 5). Livewire: Web sites try to make internet dating less creepy. Reuters. Retrieved April 5, 2010 from http://asia.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=internetNewsstoryID=3041934 Goldberg, S. (2007, May 13). Analysis: Friendster is doing just fine. Digital Media Wire. Retrieved April 7 2010 from dmwmedia.com/news/2007/05/14/analysis-friendster-is-doing-just-fine Haythornthwaite, C. (2005). Social networks and Internet connectivity effects. Information, Communication, Society, 8(2), 125–147. Herr, P.M., Kardes, F.R. and Kim, J. (1991) Effects of word-of-mouth and product attribute Information on persuasion: an accessibility-diagnosticity perspective. Journal of Consumer Research 17, 454–62. Leedy, P.D., Ormrod, J.E., 2005, Practical Research: Planning and Design. (8th ED). Pearson Merril Prentice Hall. New Jersey Littlejohn, S.W. (1990) Theories of Human Communication, 2nd edn. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. O’Shea, W. (2003, July 4-10). Six Degrees of sexual frustration: Connecting the dates with Friendster.com. Village Voice. Retrieved April 4, 2010 from villagevoice.com/news/0323,oshea, 44576, 1.html Pedro Domingos 2005, Mining social networks for viral marketing, IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 80-82. Saunders M., Lewis P. Thornhill A. (2007) Research Methods for Business Students. 4th Ed. New York: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Schiffman, L. G., Kanuk, L. L. (1995). Consumer Behaviour, 9th Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Thonssen, L. and Beard, A.C. (1948) Speech Criticism: The Development of Standards for Rhetorical Appraisal. New York: Ronald Press. Volker Wiewer and Rolf Anweiler, December 2010, the European Social Media and Email Marketing Study ─ A 6 Country Study about the Digital Dialogue between Facebook, Twitter and Email (Part 2) (European Summary Consumer Results) London yengar, Raghuram, Han, Sangman and Gupta, Sunil, Do Friends Influence Purchases in a Social Network? (February 26, 2009). Harvard Business School Marketing Unit Working Paper No. 09-123. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1392172

Generosity The Key to Good Business and Good Relationships

Generosity The Key to Good Business and Good Relationships The privilege of writing for peoples lives One of my loyal clients (I will him call Dan) came to me last week with a personal project, a letter expressing his love to a dear friend that he needed edited the same day. Dan suggested a price point of $40-$60. Since he is a valued client and someone I expect to work with for a long time, and because I felt incredibly privileged to read this heartfelt letter, I told him $40 would be fine. I edited the letter and sent it to him, and he was very happy with the result. The report is that the recipient cried (in a good way). Unexpected generosity The next thing I knew, I had received $50 in my PayPal account: $10 and 25% more than I had quoted to Dan. â€Å"You deserve every penny,† he wrote. This surprise overpayment scenario has happened once before. When I forgot to bill a client for all the services he had received, I called him to tell him I had made a mistake. He very graciously agreed to pay for the unbilled service and to send a check that week. Two weeks later I had not received his payment, so I wrote to him to let him know. When I received the check, it was for $25 more than the amount of the invoice. A thank you note was enclosed, appreciating some â€Å"extra† work we had done for his LinkedIn summary that was beyond our usual service. Whats at the source of giving? There are some commonalities between these two true stories that struck me: In both situations, I had given something to the clients in the past that was above and beyond their expectations. Rather than push to make an extra buck, I took care of the client. In scenario #1, I had charged a lower rate than the client was initially willing to pay; in scenario #2, I had previously reduced a bill based on a misunderstanding. In neither situation did I offer what I offered with any expectation of getting something back. Both clients were very happy with the results they received. Both clients were business leaders who excelled at building teams and taking care of their people. As a relatively new business owner myself (and as a human being), taking care of people is a muscle I am constantly working to build. Having no children, I rely on my clients for opportunities to practice generosity- to â€Å"do the right thing.† I have many such opportunities (or challenges, depending on how you frame them). My clients, especially ones like the above who are already successful in business, are great teachers. The challenge the risk the gift Here’s the truth of the matter: If I am completely honest, I must own up to the fact that a part of me wants to get paid as much as possible, avoid â€Å"loss† at all costs, and essentially make demands that will benefit me in the short term. But good business is about relationships, and about the long term. So the part of myself that I listen to is the part that knows exactly what to do to create good will. This part knows that good will is more valuable than a quick buck. It does not worry about being taken advantage of. It does not worry at all, in fact. It simply does what’s right. Do I ever get taken advantage of for my generosity? Well yes. I have given people the benefit of the doubt and provided services without getting paid, and then had the client not pay. Recently I worked two hours for a client after she had paid me for one, and then she charged back the payment on her credit card. I do what I can to prevent these situations from happening; I require payment up front and always aim to deliver above and beyond expectations. And for my valued clients especially, I find ways to make them feel appreciated and cared for. In exchange, every once in a while I am gifted with a short-term benefit as well as a long-term one. But it’s the long-term benefits that matter: Referrals from happy clients, repeat customers, and my integrity intact. These are the results I truly care about, and that will sustain my business for years to come. 🙂 Log in to Reply Lisa says: June 13, 2012 at 6:28 am Michael (and of course to the beloved author, Brenda) the muscle metaphor really resonated with me too while appreciating such an authentic prose that clearly allowed us a glimpse into the heart of The Essay Expertthank you for the gift of this message, Brenda! So many quotes, befitting of you have come to my mind since you have bestowed your gifts and talents for our familys gain and benefit one of those I just recently shared with you and yet, I cant help but be reminded of another great author who countless thousands acknowledge the great debt they owe Og Mandino for the miracle his words have wrought in their livesthose would be my words for you Brenda to describe what the pen to your hand has done in the lives of our family! Og Mandino, best selling author of The Greatest Salesman in the World, University of Success, The Greatest Secret in the World and A Better Way to Live, must know you and wanted to convey your character through instruction to others when he wrote: Beginning today, treat everyone you meet as if they were going to be dead by midnight. Extend to them all the care, kindness and understanding you can muster, and do it with no thought of any reward. Your life will never be the same again. Thank you Brenda for all the tireless, creative and extraneous efforts that I know you come no where near being compensated for nor have built into your service fees that ensure our lives will never be the same againfiguratively and literally! May the road rise to meet you, may the wind be ever at your back Lisa A. Bissonette Log in to Reply Marcia B says: June 12, 2012 at 10:14 pm Ah, generosity my favorite thing along with gratitude. In my estimation the rest of the world isnt worth much if we lose sight of those two possibilities. Log in to Reply Patty Sherin says: June 13, 2012 at 3:46 pm I love it! Thank you Brenda for writing this article. I see more and more gratitude all around me, and I think its wonderful! What you describe in your article is what we believe in BNI, Givers Gain. When you give to others, you will receive back tenfold. Im on day 24 of my gratitude challenge powered by SendOutCards. Today, Im grateful for you, your integrity and friendship. Thank you. 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Perceived managerial discretion and market competition Research Paper

Perceived managerial discretion and market competition (Principal-agent problem) - Research Paper Example According to the agency theory, the principal-agent problem arises from conditions of incomplete or asymmetric information when one party tries to motivate another party to act on its behalf. These conditions can be observed in any employer/employee relationship. This is because the employer, the shareholders, wants the employees, the managers, to invest in those projects which offer higher returns. However the projects which offer higher returns also have higher uncertainty. Therefore the managers may not want to take the risk. As a result there is a conflict of interest which affects organizational objectives. This is the principal-agent problem which is addressed in the agency theory. In order to maximize organizational performance, the owners of the organization have to introduce incentives which will motivate the managers/employees to act in the best interests of the shareholders. Therefore the motivations of the principal and its agent are aligned strategically. In the current business environment, change is the only constant. Therefore the organizational structure has to be flexible so that the organization can remain competitive in spite of the changes that are taking place in the external environment. A flexible organizational structure enables the principal and the agent to mobilize resources fast so that fast responses to market changes become possible. However if there is a conflict of interest between the two parties, then this objective cannot be attainable. The presence of the principal-agent problem also means that the shareholders are unable to monitor the decision-making process so that the managers are tempted to apply organizational resources to personal gains. This is a limiting factor for organizational performance. Therefore it is critical to address the principal-agent problem. Particularly in the present day business environment which is characterized by high competition, application of the agency theory becomes one of th e key success factors. By incorporating the agency theory, organizational stakeholders create an internal structure which is strategically aligned. Given the fast pace of change in the external environment, both the shareholders and the officers would want to create a sustainable competitive advantage. In order to meet this objective, the management of the company has to optimize the decision making process so that it addresses the interests of both parties. According to Michael Porter’s framework for strategy formulation, an organization can implement three strategies to build a competitive position: focus, differentiation and cost minimization (Hill & Jones, 2007, p. 18). However the effectiveness of strategy implementation is limited by the principal-agent problem. This underscores understanding of the agency theory. By applying the agency theory, the management can align the interests of both parties to synergistic effects. As a result, the organization can

Character Analysis of Beowulf Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Character Analysis of Beowulf - Research Paper Example The poem â€Å"Beowulf† is itself a trajectory and the poem depicts a journey. The journey of Beowulf’s life can be regarded as the line of action along which this Old Anglo Saxon epic poem proceeds. And it is through the development of the plot of the epic that the development of the character of Beowulf takes place. The poem is actually exploration and exultation of the chivalry and heroism of the protagonist. The character of Beowulf can be analysed from two perspectives and these perspectives divide the poem also into two neat divisions. Beowulf can be analysed from his actions at youth and his actions at a senior age. These actions are again divided into a tripartite pattern of conflicts, first with Grendel, second with Grendel’s mother and the finally with the Dragon. All these conflicts are viewed as display of heroic code by various critics. The two neat phases in Beowulf’s life is separated by a gap of fifty years. In both the phases of Beowulf’s life, he is the undoubted hero. His actions at youth and his actions at age are again marked distinctively by his youthful heroism through the display of unfettered warrior and his actions at age can be viewed as matured heroism displayed through the role of a reliable and a matured king. The poem is all about the transition of the protagonist from one phase of his life to another and while drawing the character sketch of Beowulf, it is necessary to mention that at two separate phases of Beowulf’s life, there are two distinct models of virtue operating. The understanding of these models separately and comparison of the respective models will easily launch us to a realm where the portrait of the protagonist will not have any missing link and shall attain the perfect fulfilment: Beowulf was a marvellous warrior in his youth. He was full of youth, vigour and vitality. Also, he possessed tremendous strength and

Business Intelligence and Data Warehousing as a Solution Essay Example for Free

Business Intelligence and Data Warehousing as a Solution Essay As it is anticipated that there is a fundamental objective of the company to reduce costs, make informed decisions and consolidate information, there is urgent need to for resilient development of the business intelligence and data warehousing (Collier, 2012). The poor response by IT in the provision of strategic information indicates that the system is incapable of guiding the company to success. This is a potential threat to the prosperity of the business, and hence a quicker intervention is required to ensure success is attained. Business Intelligence and Data Warehousing as a Solution The implementation of BI and DWH services in the sales department would ensure a sustained growth and a competitive edge to the company. Integration of business intelligence would cover the use of information necessary to drive the organization insight. Operational business intelligence would produce an improved analysis of sales data and provide in-depth knowledge of the performance indicators of the marketing department such as the customers of the company, competitors, economic environment and internal operations that would in turn help in making efficient and best quality sales and marketing decisions (Collier, 2012). Also, the concept of data warehousing would enable a central integration and management of sales and marketing database containing data from the four operational sources in the department from heterogeneous sources. The created database would contain structured sales data for query analysis and can be accessed by all the authorized users. The good news reads that th e data warehouse can be created and updated at any time, with limited disruption of the operational systems (Simon, 2014). There is a broad set of technologies, applications and knowledge for gathering and analyzing sales data for the purpose of helping users make sales and marketing decisions. Issues Needed to be Addressed There is need to integrate BI and DWH applications in the operational systems as there is a significant requirement of current data for the purposes of sales. These tools are critical in supporting the sales and marketing decision makers in the organization. However, without proper governance, it would a long-awaited dream to achieve the value offered by BI and DWH. As such, there is urgent need to develop BI/DWH governance framework in the sales and marketing department based on universal principles and clear information ownership and dissemination. Essentially, there is a need for designing, implementing and making effective use of BI tools to achieve marketing objectives and increase revenue returns. Summary Making the most of the company’s data assets is the purpose of BI at a high level. The company would increase its competitive advantage such as reducing costs, increasing investment returns, reducing risks by making best data-driven decisions through a structured BI. Therefore, we can begin by developing the governance framework through designing, executing, monitoring and controlling and implementing to enhance proper management of the company sales data. References Collier, K. (2012). Agile analytics: A value-driven approach to business intelligence and data warehousing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. Simon, A. R. (2014). Enterprise business intelligence and data warehousing: Program management essentials. Source document

Hitler’s Alliance With The Soviet Union :: European History Essays

Hitler’s Alliance With The Soviet Union When the world awoke August 24, 1939 it appeared that the absolute impossible had just occurred in Europe, National Socialist Germany and Soviet Russia had just agreed on a Non Aggression pact. By that morning the entire political world had changed, it had been thrown roughly on its head and people quickly asked how it could have happened? Over a period of three years the German chancellor, Adolph Hitler had repeatedly pushed the major powers to the limit with his territorial demands in the Rhineland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and now in the Polish corridor. Hitler had succeeded in each gamble and grown bolder each time as he noticed the vacillating nature of the supposed major powers that stood in the way of his completing his long held foreign policy program. This program, first coherently laid down in his 1924 book Mein Kampf, called for the re-armament of Germany and the acquisition of allies like Italy and Britain, the neutralization or destruction of his hated enemy France, and finally with Germany’s rear protected the way would be clear for the great fight against Judeo-Bolshevism in the Soviet Union, and the gaining of Lebensraum for the superior Aryan German race. Since coming to power in 1933, Hitler had completed the first phase of his program save for the making of a British alliance or at least their promise of neutrality in any upcoming European war of revision. Realizing that the British would need some coercing to accept his program, and that if war was to come with the west his eastern border must be secured, Hitler relied on his great ability to play the game of power politics and shocked the world by allying with his sworn enemy. Hitler sought the Non-Aggression pact and covert military alliance with the Soviet Union because it was a temporary means to an all encompassing end. Hitler would use the hated Soviets to secure his eastern flank while he destroyed France with or without the help of Britain, only to return the favor by attacking them when Germany was ready. It was a move consistent with the power politics and foreign policy program he had been pursuing since 1933, his attempts to force Britain into a military alliance or at least a proclamation of neutrality in any continental war, and the subjugation of France as a prerequisite to obtaining Lebensraum in the East. The Non-Aggression pact of August 1939, was the pre war culmination of policies designed by Hitler to further his foreign policy program of making

Ida’s Impairment

1) (1) The U. S. GAAP section 360-10-35-21 states â€Å"A long-lived asset (asset group) shall be tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable†. An example of an event like this is a significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset. As stated in the case, one of Ida’s competitors sold its extremely comparable commercial building for an amount significantly less than its asking price.Since these assets are very similar in comparison, this significantly less price for the competitor’s building is an example of a decrease in the market price of Ida’s commercial building. Therefore under the U. S. GAAP, Ida needs to test the U. S. commercial building for recoverability. (2) Under IAS 36. 12, there are certain external factors that lead you to want to test for recovery such as a decline in market value. The sale of the building across the street is an example of one of those external factors.IAS 36. 6 explains impairment and how to record impairment. Under IFRSs IAS 36. 66, the recoverable amount of cash-generating units (CGUs) should be determined for the individual asset. Therefore, a recoverability test must be done. 2) As of U. S. GAAP 360-10-35-17, when reporting to its U. S. based lender as of December 31, 2010, Ida should record $600 for impairment on the U. S. commercial building. Under GAAP, one must compare the fair value to the carrying amount.Since the fair market value is $3,900 and the carrying amount is $4,500, impairment is calculated as the difference $600. *All dollars in thousands (U. S. GAAP 360-10-35-17) 3) Under IAS 36. 6, when reporting to its parent as of December 31, 2010, Ida should record $500 for impairment on the U. S. commercial building. The recoverable amount for the commercial building is $4,000. The carrying amount is $4,500. Since the carrying amount is greater than the recoverable, the impairment is the diffe rence. *All dollars in thousands (IAS 36. 6)

Independent Behaviour

iINDEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR (12 MARK ESSAY) Some reasons people show signs of independent behaviour (i. e. do not conform or obey) is influence by many factors, Gender being one of them. Neto carried out the same study as Asch, but this time all the participants were female (as in Asch’s study they were all male). In Asch’s study he found that 37% of the participants conformed, whereas Neto found that 59% conformed. However Asch’s study was criticized for lacking ecological validity and Neto’s study is a replication of Asch.As the participants were not in a natural situation Linz and Semykina took data from a survey of over 2,600 Russian employees between 2000 and 2003. They found that men are more likely to have internal Locus of Control and a need for challenge and women more likely to exhibit external locus of control and need for affiliation (belonging to a group). High Internal females earned more than external women. The fact there is a large sample size of 2600 means the findings are reliable, good sample size.However it can be argued that there is a potential cultural bias as the data was only taken from Russian employees. When Asch debriefed his participants, he found a common factor of confidence in the people who hadn’t conformed if someone felt confident in their judgments; they were more able to resist group pressure. This idea is supported by Perin and Spencer’s study. They replicated Asch’s study with engineering students. Conformity levels were much lower. Perin and Spencer attributed this to the fact that engineers had confidence in their skills in making accurate observations.

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) is a multimodal treatment model developed by Marsha Linehan, an American clinical psychologist, in the early 1980s (Palmer, 2002; Neacsiu, Ward-Ciesielski, Linehan, 2012; Linehan, 1993a).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Dialectical Behaviour Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More DBT is based on the principles and strategies of an early treatment known as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and was originally intended for individuals presenting with suicidal symptoms (Linehan, 1993b). DBT replaced CBT in the treatment of suicidal individuals because the latter’s strategies had failed since most clients responded to treatment by withdrawing or attacking the therapist. Moreover, counselor experienced a variety of difficulties with the use of CBT in treating suicidal clients, especially, the competing priorities concerning the need to decrease suicidality, teaching the clients new behavioral skills, and managing distress among the clients (Neacsiu et al., 2012; Linehan, 1993b). DBT is designed to provide a comprehensive approach to treating suicidal clients, such as people who are suffering from borderline personality disorder (BPD). The treatment is based on theoretical premises and the principles of validation, acceptance, and mindfulness (Feigenbaum, 2007; Swales, 2009; Wix, 2003). Apart from borderline personality disorder (BPD), DBT has also been used in the treatment of anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), self-destructive behaviors, impulsive behaviors, and alcohol/drug problems (Feigenbaum, 2007). This paper summarizes different aspects of DBT the major concepts and premises, means of assessment, goal setting, processes, and applicability. The Philosophical Elements of DBT There are three major philosophical elements that underlie DBT including dialectics, Zen Buddhism, and behavioural science (Palmer, 2002; Neacsiu et al., 2012). The basic element of DBT in relation to behavioural science is cognitive-behavioural therapy. DBT is based on the therapeutic techniques of CBT, which emphasize on self-monitoring and collaborative efforts from both the client and the therapist (Palmer, 2002). However, it is important to note that some aspects of CBT are not effective in addressing the problems present among suicidal clients. In order to address the challenges associated with behavioural science approaches such as CBT in the treatment of individuals with BPD, the DBT approach incorporates the principles of Zen.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Here, the Zen philosophy encourages people to forego their ideas regarding their view of reality, and focus on the current moment through acceptance, self-validation, and tolerance. From the Zen perspective, the world is perfect as it is and each moment of reality should be accepted without judgment (Robins et al., 2004). This principle is incorporated into the mindfulness component of DBT, which emphasizes on the need for patients to intentionally live in the present moment without judging, rejecting, or getting attached to the moment (Linehan, 1993b). On the other hand, counselors and their BPD clients will recognize that putting acceptance and change together in any treatment session is very difficult. Therefore, DBT incorporates the dialectical element, which emphasizes on the importance of synthesizing opposites. Here, dialectics is a very important component of DBT, especially in dealing with multi-problem clients, because it allows them to initiate behavioural change by means of acceptance and self-validation (Neacsiu et al., 2002). The dialectical philosophy encourages clients to take a holistic look at different perspectives, encapsulate opposites, and move on continuously. Dialectical Behaviour Therapy Assumptions Alongs ide the philosophical elements of DBT identified in the foregoing discussions, the treatment involves a number of assumptions about the client and the counselor. On the part of the client, DBT assumes that the clients are capable of doing their best to solve their problems. Furthermore, the therapist assumes that the clients cannot fail in the DBT treatment. Additionally, there is the assumption that the clients may not be the source of all the problems they are facing, but they must be willing to solve them either way. Most importantly, the therapy assumes that the lives of people suffering from BPD are unbearable, and therefore, the clients must be motivated to change their lives for the better (Neacsiu et al., 2012; Kliem, Kroger, Kosfelder, 2010). About the therapist and the therapy itself, it is presumed that the counselor has a responsibility in caring and helping the clients to change their ways and achieve their goals in life. Moreover, the therapist must conduct DBT with u tmost clarity, precision, and compassion while ensuring that the therapeutic relationship with the clients exemplifies a real interaction between equals.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Dialectical Behaviour Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Further, it is presumed that the principles of behaviour apply to the therapist in the same way they apply to clients. On the other hand, the therapist needs support in caring and helping the clients suffering from BPD. Other overarching assumptions imply that the therapist can fail in delivering DBT and the treatment can fail even without the therapists fault (Linehan, 1993a; Miller, Rathus, Linehan, 2007). Theoretical Foundations of DBT The biosocial theory of borderline personality disorder informs the dialectical behaviour therapy. The theory hypothesizes that BPD arises when an emotionally-vulnerable person interacts with an invalidating environment (Lineha n, 1993a; Swales, 2009; Palmer, 2002). Emotional vulnerability refers to instances where an individual reacts excessively to less harmful stressors and takes long time to regain baseline emotions after the stressor is removed (Swales, 2009). When a growing child is exposed to an invalidating environment, it is probable that s/he will not have the opportunity to understand his/her personal feelings and experiences. Besides, this child may not be able to relate his/her responses to particular events in the real world as he/she lacks the support of the others in solving or coping with difficult/stressful situations, most especially when none acknowledges the problems associated with such situations (Huss Baer, 2007). Consequently, the child turns to the immediate environment for answers regarding his/her problems, but the environment may limit the demands that she makes on the significant others. In the long run, the child may begin hoping to gain acceptance from others as well as dev elop extreme emotions to make others to acknowledge her experiences. An obvious consequence of this erratic emotional response is that it prevents the child from understanding and controlling specific emotions. Furthermore, the child may not achieve emotion modulation because the situation does not allow her to acquire the necessary skills (Crowell et al., 2009). Overall, the child slips into a state of emotional dysregulation, which upon interacting with the invalidating environment, leads to Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Therefore, based on this theory, DBT is designed to help borderline patients to recover emotional control under validating environments.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Means of Assessment/BPD Diagnosis Emotional dysregulation in a growing child can interact with the invalidating environment to cause BPD. As a result, emotional dysregulation is a central feature in the development of BPD (Neacsiu et al., 2012; Linehan, 1993a; Linehan, Bohus, Lynch, 2007). From a DBT perspective, emotions are considered as complex involuntary responses to both the internal and external environments. In DBT, such emotional responses are categorized into various subsystems, important to treatment because they are the main targets of different emotion regulation processes of DBT. These subsystems include emotional vulnerability to cues, triggers, response tendencies, nonverbal and verbal expressive actions/responses, and secondary emotions, which interact in different ways to produce a particular pattern of emotions. Therefore, one can assess emotion dysregulation by examining the way an individual alters or controls various subsystems of responses under average or no rmal conditions. Emotion dysregulation is characterized by excessive negative affect, irrational thoughts, impulsive emotional behaviours, dissociation under stress, and difficulties in controlling physiological arousal and in undertaking non-mood-dependent activities (Linehan et al., 2007). Various self-destructive behaviours, dysfunctional behaviours, and maladaptive responses are important indicators of emotion dysregulation. Goal Setting in DBT In DBT, goals for treatment are set through collaborative efforts involving both the therapist and the client. However, the therapist plays a major role in modifying the clients’ goals to fit into the treatment model. Here, a treatment target hierarchy is used in determining the problem focus in each treatment session. In most cases, the therapist gives the highest priority to addressing suicidal and self-injurious behaviours among the clients. These behaviours are commonly referred to as out-of-control and usually categorized into life-interfering, life-threatening, and severe quality-of-life-interfering behaviours. Once a client has achieved stability and control over these dysfunctional behaviours, then the therapy focuses on activities aimed stabilizing the clients’ emotions and alleviating trauma. Further, the therapy moves to activities that increase the clients’ self-respect and decreasing problems that cab interfere with the clients’ ability to achieve personal goals. Finally, the therapy proceeds to resolving the clients’ experiences and feelings of incompleteness (Koerner Linehan, 1992; Kliem et al., 2010). Moreover, it is imperative for the therapy to address various secondary targets, such as inhibited behavioural patterns, which may interfere with the progress made in treatment. Processes and Specific Techniques in DBT The main objectives of DBT are to enhance the clients’ capabilities and motivate them accordingly achieved by increasing the clients’ set of skilled behaviors, generalizing the learned behaviours to the natural environment, improving the clients’ motivation, reducing dysfunctional behaviours and eliminating their reinforcements, reinforcing effective behaviors and increasing the therapists’ motivation and capabilities. These functions of DBT are further supported by four major modes of treatment, which include individual psychotherapy, skills training group therapy, consultation teams, and phone coaching. On the other hand, DBT focuses on problem-solving by means of validation and dialectical strategies. Therefore, the treatment involves specific techniques such as change strategies, validation strategies, dialectical strategies, communication strategies, and case management strategies (Neacsiu et al., 2012). Moreover, these broad categories involve more specific processes and techniques of handling borderline clients. There are many treatment techniques borrowed from CBT, such as targeting, attention t o in-session behaviours, chain analysis, opposite action, and observing limits (Linehan, 1993a; Dimeff Linehan, 2001). Applicability DBT is the most widely investigated psychosocial model of treatment for BPD. A myriad of studies have tested the efficacy of DBT in resolving different symptoms associated with BPD in a variety of populations and settings. In studies involving highly suicidal patients, the researchers found out that DBT was effective in resolving a number of dysfunctional and maladaptive behaviours such as suicide including some cases of severe suicidal behaviors and self-jury among the participants as compared to treatment as usual (TAU). Furthermore, it has been shown in these studies that the tendency to use psychiatric facilities was less among BPD clients who had been treated using the DBT approach (Neacsiu et al., 2012; Bedics, Atkins, Comtois, Linehan, 2011; Pistorello et al., 2012; Harned et al., 2009; Iverson, Shenk, Fruzzetti, 2009). On the other hand, the effectiveness of DBT has been investigated in the treatment of other psychosocial issues, and there are promising results, particularly in treating anxiety, substance abuse, eating disorders, ADHD, and treatment-resistant depression (Rizvi, Steffel, Carson-Wong, 2012). References Bedics, J. D., Atkins, D. C., Comtois, K. A., Linehan, M. M., (2012). Treatment differences in the therapeutic relationship and introject during a 2-year randomized controlled trial of dialectical behaviour therapy versus nonbehavioural psychotherapy experts for borderline personality disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(1), 66-77. Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., Linehan, M. M. (2009). A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending Linehan’s theory. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 495-510. Dimeff Linehan, M. M. (2001). Dialectical behaviour therapy in a nutshell. California Psychologist, 34, 10-13. Feigenbaum, J. (2207). Dialectical be haviour therapy: An increasing evidence base. Journal of Mental Health, 16(1), 51-60. Harned, M. S., Chapman, A. L., Dexter-Mazza, E. T., Murray, A., Comtois, K. A., Linehan, M. M. (2009). Treating co-occurring Axis I disorders in recurrently suicidal women with borderline personality disorder: A 2-year randomized trial of dialectical behaviour therapy versus community treatment by experts. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(1), 35-45. Huss, D. B., Baer, R. A. (2007). Acceptance and change: The integration of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy into ongoing dialectical behaviour therapy in a case of borderline personality disorder with depression. Clinical Case Studies, 6(1), 17-33. Iverson, K. M., Shenk, C., Fruzzetti, A. E. (2009). Dialectical behaviour therapy for women victims of domestic abuse: A pilot study. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(3), 242-248. Kliem, S., Kroger, C., Kosfelder, J. (2010). Dialectical behaviour therapy for b orderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis using mixed effects modeling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(6), 936-951. Koerner, K., Linehan, M. M. (1992). Integrative therapy for borderline personality disorder: Dialectical behaviour therapy. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.). Handbook of Psychotherapy integration (pp. 433-459). New York, NY: Basic Books. Linehan, M. M. (1993a). Cognitive-behavioural treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY: Guilford. Linehan, M. M. (1993b). Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. New York, NY: Guilford. Linehan, M. M., Bohus, M., Lynch, T. (2007). Dialectical behaviour therapy for pervasive emotion dysregulation: Theoretical and practical underpinnings. In J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 581-605). New York, NY: Guilford. Miller, A. L., Rathus, J. H., Linehan, M. M. (2007). Dialectical behaviour therapy with suicidal adolescents. New York, NY: Guilford. Neacsiu, A. D., Ward-Ciesielski, E. F., Linehan, M. M. (2012). Emerging approaches to counseling intervention: Dialectical behaviour therapy. The Counseling Psychologist, 40(7), 1003-1032. Palmer, R. L. (2002). Dialectical behaviour therapy for borderline personality disorder. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 8(1), 10-16. Piatorello, J. Fruzzetti, A. E., MacLane, C., Gallop, R., Iverson, K. M. (2012). Dialectical Behaviour therapy (DBT) applied to college students: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Advance Online Publication. Rizvi, S. L., Steffel, L. M., Carson-Wong, A. (2012). An overview of dialectical behavioral therapy for professional psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. Advance Online Publication. Robins, C. J., Schmidt, Linehan, M. M. (2004). Dialectical behaviour therapy: Synthesizing radical acceptance with skillful means. In S. C. Hayes, V. M. Follette, M. M. Linehan (Eds.), Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding t he cognitive-behavioural tradition (pp. 30-44). New York, NY: Guilford. Swales, M. A. (2009). Dialectical behaviour therapy: Description, research and future directions. The International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 5(2), 164-177. Wix, S. (2003). Dialectical behaviour therapy observed. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 5(2), 3-7.

A Friend of Jims

A Friend of Jims A Friend of Jims A Friend of Jims By Maeve Maddox Theo Smith writes: I am often frustrated by what I call a double possessive. We seem to say and write friends of Jims not friends of Jim when the item possessed   is stated before that which possesses it. But when the possessor is identified first, we say, for example, Jims friends. Whats up with this? The double possessive appears in that of indicates possession and so does the apostrophe s (s) appended to the possessor. What can you tell me about this?    This double genitive construction includes both a friend of Jims and a friend of his. Its one of those English idioms that tries the souls of logic lovers, but it has been in the language for a very long time because it works. The double genitive makes it possible to distinguish between definiteness and indefiniteness. It also eliminates ambiguity. For example, theres a distinct difference of meaning between the following phrases: a photo of Daniel a photo of Daniels Although in use since Chaucers time or before, the double genitive attracted the attention of 18th century grammarians; their disapproval did nothing to stamp it out. Modern style manuals offer guidelines. According to the Chicago Manual of Style, The possessive form may be preceded by of where one of several is implied. â€Å"A friend of Dick’s† and â€Å"a friend of his† are equally acceptable. 7.29 The AP Style Book goes into more detail: DOUBLE POSSESSIVE: Two conditions must apply for a double possessivea phrase such as a friend of Johnsto occur: The word after of must refer to an animate object, and The word before of must involve only a portion of the animate objects possessions. Otherwise, do not use the possessive form of the word after of: The friends of John Adams mourned his death. (All the friends were involved.) He is a friend of the college. (Not colleges because college is inanimate). For a linguists take on the double genitive, read Mark Libermans Genitive Anxiety. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)"Confused With" and "Confused About"7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing

MRSA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

MRSA - Research Paper Example It is bothersome for immunocompromised patients. MRSA gains entry into the body through these lesions on the skin and can spread to other organs too. Once it gains entry into the internal organs the condition may worsen and symptoms like, fever, chills, reduction in blood pressure, pain in joints could be witnessed, further, headaches, shortness of breath may result. Under grave conditions rashes appear all through the body and a medical emergency occurs. The condition may lead to endocarditis, necrotizing fasciitis, sepsis, osteomyelitis all these conditions may turn out to be fatal. Tracing the history, it was discovered in 1961 in UK. Later, in 1981, it come into notice in USA amongst the drug abusers or those who were taking medications through intravenous routes. It is because of its terrifying nature it is also referred as â€Å"super bug† in medical science. With time the bacterium has gained resistance over different antibiotics and thus has emerged as ferocious disease causing organism. Records state that the number of cases are enhancing at a rapid pace. According to published reports by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 127,000 cases were reported in 1999 while in 2005 the number augmented to 278,000, moreover the death toll also enhanced from 11,000 to 17,000. Further it was estimated that 94,360 deaths were due to MRSA infection, of these 18,650 were due to hospitalizations in the year 2005 (Klein, 2007). The statistics suggests that MRSA is responsible for greater number of deaths per year in USA as compared to the deaths caused by AIDS (Stein, 2007). Based on the studies, MRSA has been categorized as Community Acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) or Healthcare Associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). 1. MRSA is a painful condition; individuals with compromised immune system may get affected at a rapid pace as compared to those with enhanced immunity. It is observed that consumption of junk food or food items poor in